Monitoring the Immune Response to Coronaviruses in SARS-CoV-2 Exposed and Vaccinated Individual

  • Mingdi Wu University of Glasgow
  • Brian J Willett University of Glasgow
  • Maria Manali University of Glasgow
  • Irfanulhaq Ahmadzai University of Glasgow
  • Xiaoyu Dong Northwest A&F University
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18686/aem.v11i4.329
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, sHCoVs, ELISA, Seroprevalence, Cross Protection

Abstract

Identifying factors associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) exposure and immunity is critical for quantifying mass immunity and preventing future pandemics. The current SARS-CoV-2 vaccine was losing efficacy in the face of new variants, and it is urgent to seek a broad coronavirus vaccine. We conducted a cross-sectional serosurvey of patients in Scotland from September 2021 to April 2022. The indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) against 2135 patient serum samples showed monthly infection and vaccination rates from 24.71%-72.00% and 28.00%-61.50%. We showed that people over 65 receive higher priority vaccination, and 65–74-year-old female patients exhibited higher vaccination rates and lower probability of infection. In addition, we investigated cross-reactive antibodies of SARS-CoV-2 negative, infected, and vaccinated samples against the seasonal human coronavirus (sHCoV) spike (S) protein by ELISA. We found a 1.2-1.4-fold increase in antibody reactivity among sHCoV-229E, NL63, and OC43 against vaccinated donors compared to negative donors. These findings provided insights into exposure patterns in Scotland and support the feasibility of developing a broad coronavirus vaccine.

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Published
2023-03-02
Issue
Vol 11, No 4 (2022)
Section
Original Research Article

Copyright (c) 2023 Mingdi Wu, Brian J Willett, Maria Manali, Irfanulhaq Ahmadzai, Xiaoyu Dong

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